- The 'Ad Hominem fallacy' which literally means literally means ‘to the man. ’ it is where you are attacked personally, instead of your arguments
- The 'Tu Quoque fallacy' - an invalid attempt to discredit your argument by answering criticism with criticism -- without presenting a counterargument
- The 'Straw Man fallacy' is when your opponent over- simplifies or misrepresents your argument (i.e., setting up a "straw man") to make it easier to attack
- The 'False Dilemma Fallacy' misleads by presenting complex issues in terms of simply two inherently opposed sides.
- The 'Poisoning the Well fallacy' occurs when negative information that is irrelevant is presented ahead of time to discredit your argument. Poisoning the well represents a preemptive ad hominem attack against you
- 'Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc,' this fallacy is committed when an argument claims that because one event followed another, it was caused by or analogous to it
- The 'Equivocation fallacy' occurs when the context is an argument and the conclusion depends on shifting the meaning of an expression while treating it as if it remains the same
- 'Appeal to Authority,' this fallacy Insists that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true, without any other supporting evidence
- 'Unfalsifiabilty,' is a important fallacy that we need to idenify and refute. It is the assertion that a theory or hypothesis is true or false even though that theory or hypothesis cannot possibly be contradicted
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- Recognizing and producing arguments in standard form
- 'Appeal to Authority,' this fallacy Insists that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true, without any other supporting evidence
- The 'Appeal to False Authority fallacy,' uses an alleged or an unidentifed as evidence in your opponent's argument
- 'Argumentum ad Ignorantiam,' this fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim
- 'Red Herring,' In this fallacy your opponent redirect the argument to another issue to which they can better respond to
- 'Confirmation bias,' is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values and ignores contrary information
- The 'Begging the Question fallacy,' is any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises
- The Galileo fallacy,' claims that because an idea is forbotten, detested, prosecuted or otherwise mocked, it must be true, or at least it should be given credibility
- 'If by Whisky,' speaks to a situation where an individual's response to a question is
contingent on the questioner’s opinions and makes use of words that appear to support both sides of an issue
- The 'No True Scotsman,' is Where a universal (“all”, “every”, etc.) claim is refuted, rather than conceding the point or meaningfully revising the claim
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